ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING—CODE NO. (21)

Communication Systems :
Fourier analysis of signals : amplitude, phase and power spectrum, auto-correlation and crosscorrelation and their Fourier transforms. Analog modulation systems : amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis; superheterodyne receivers. Pulse code modulation (PCM), differential PCM, delta modulation. Digital modulation schemes : amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK). Multiplexing : time-division, frequencydivision.

Additive Gaussian noise : characterization using correlation, probability density function, power spectral density, Signal-to-noise ratio calculations for AM and FM. Elements of digital communication systems : source coding, channel coding; digital modulation & demodulation.
Elements of Information theory, channel capacity. Elements of satellite and mobile communication; principles of television engineering; radar engineering and radio aids to navigation.

Computers and Microprocessors :
Computer organization : number representation and arithmetic, functional organization, machine instructions, addressing modes, ALU, hardwired and microprogrammed control, memory organization. Elements of microprocessors. 8-bit microprocessors -architecture, instruction set, assembly level programming, memory, I/O interfacing, microcontrollers and applications.

Measurement and Instrumentation :
Error analysis; measurement of current voltage, power, energy, power-factor, resistance, inductance, capacitance and frequency; bridge measurements.

Electronic measuring instruments:
multimeter, CRO, digital voltmeter, frequency counter, Q-meter, spectrum-analyser, distortion-meter.
Transducers: thermocouple, thermistor, LVDT, strain-guages, piezo-electric crystal. Use of transducers in measurements of non-electrical quantities. Data-acquisition systems.

Energy Conversion :
Single-phase transformer : equivalent circuit, phasor-diagram, tests, regulation and efficiency; three-phase transformer; auto transformer. Principles of energy conversion-d.c. generators and motors : performance characteristics, starting and speed control, armature reaction and commutation; threephase induction motor: performance characteristics, starting and speed control. Single-phase induction motor. Synchronous generators : performance characteristics, regulation, parallel operation.
Synchronous motors : starting characteristics, applications; synchronous condensor. FHP motors, permanent magnet and stepper motors, brushless d.c. motors, single-phase motors.

Power Systems :
Electric power generation : thermal, hydro, nuclear. Transmission line parameters : steadystate performance of overhead transmission lines and cables. Distribution systems : insulators, bundle conductors, corona and radio interference effects; per-unit quantities; bus admittance and impedance matrices; load flow; voltage control and power factor correction. Economic operation. Principles of overcurrent, differential and distance protection; solid state relays, circuit breakers, concept of system
stability. HVDC transmission.

Power Electronics and Electric Drives :
Semiconductor power devices : diode, transistor, thyristor, triac, GTO and MOSFET, static characteristics, principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase controlled rectifiers; bridge converters—fully controlled and half controlled; principles of thyristor chopper and inverter. Basic concept of speed control of dc and ac motor drives.

Elements of IC Fabrication Technology :
Overview of IC Technology. Unit steps used in IC fabrication : wafer cleaning, photolithography, wet and dry etching, oxidation, diffusion, ion-implantation, CVD and LPCVD techniques for deposition of poly-silicon, silicon, silicon-pnitride and silicon dioxide; metallisation and passivation.

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